UCLA collaboration reveals new information about the brain’s biochemistry

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Alumna Dr Rebeccah Warmack (PhD ’19) and Professor Steven Clarke lead UCLA team to discover a new understanding of how Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain. 

Their study was published in the July 26, 2019 issue of the prestigious journal Nature Communications. Warmack was the first author and Clarke, along with UCLA faculty Professors David Eisenberg and Tamir Gonen, were the senior authors. Graduate student David Boyer (Eisenberg group) was second author; additional coauthors were Chih-Te Zee and Logan Richards in UCLA biochemist Professor Jose Rodriguez’s group and Michael Sawaya and Duilio Cascio in the Eisenberg Group. 

“Our team’s success is a clear reflection of the strong molecular structure expertise at UCLA,” said Clarke. “The collaboration and cross-fertilization of the members of the Gonen, Eisenberg, and Rodriguez laboratories all contributed to the success of the project.”

Steven%2BClarke%2C%2BRebeccah%2BWarmack%2Boffice%2Bphoto 4Clarke explains that the project was initiated by alumna Dr. Rebeccah Warmack (’19), while she was a graduate student in his lab. The Clarke lab had a long-standing interest in the role that spontaneously-damaged proteins play in the pathologies of age. In the early 1990’s, they collaborated with Alex Roher, now at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona, to show that the beta-amyuloid peptide from human brain material contained significant levels of age-damaged isomerized and racemized aspartyl residues and suggested that these modifications may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Pictured above: Professor Steven Clarke and Dr. Rebeccah Warmack. 

Reed Hutchinson/UCLA.

Based on new three-dimensional structural analyses of beta-amyloid peptides in David Eisenberg’s laboratory at UCLA, Warmack hypothesized that one age-dependent modification, the isomerization of aspartate residue 23, might significantly alter the structure of fibrils formed from the peptide. She teamed up with David Boyer, a graduate student in the Eisenberg laboratory, to solve the structure of crystals she made from an isomerized beta-amyloid peptide using micro-ED methodologies developed in Professor Tamir Gonen’s and Jose Rodriguez’s laboratories at UCLA.

With their guidance, they obtained diffraction data. With the contributions of two graduate students in the Rodriguez laboratory, Chih-Te (Ted) Zee and Logan Richards, they were able to obtain the three dimensional structure of the isoaspartyl, and later the normal, form of the amyloid peptide. This structure was refined and analyzed with the participation of two senior research scientists in the Eisenberg laboratory, Michael Sawaya and Duilio Cascio. 

Warmack received her Ph.D. in biochemistry from UCLA in 2019 and is now a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Professor Douglas Rees in the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.  

To learn more about the Clarke group’s research, visit their homepage

From UCLA Newsroom (by Stuart Wolpert)

Biochemists discover new insights into what may go awry in brains of people with Alzheimer’s

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Research by UCLA professor Steven Clarke and former graduate student Rebeccah Warmack, as well as UCLA colleagues, reveals new information about the brain’s biochemistry. Reed Hutchinson/UCLA.

More than three decades of research on Alzheimer’s disease have not produced any major treatment advances for those with the disorder, according to a UCLA expert who has studied the biochemistry of the brain and Alzheimer’s for nearly 30 years. “Nothing has worked,” said Steven Clarke, a distinguished professor of chemistry and biochemistry. “We’re ready for new ideas.” Now, Clarke and UCLA colleagues have reported new insights that may lead to progress in fighting the devastating disease.

Scientists have known for years that amyloid fibrils — harmful, elongated, water-tight rope-like structures — form in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s, and likely hold important clues to the disease. UCLA Professor David Eisenberg and an international team of chemists and molecular biologists reported in the journal Nature in 2005 that amyloid fibrils contain proteins that interlock like the teeth of a zipper. The researchers also reported their hypothesis that this dry molecular zipper is in the fibrils that form in Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in Parkinson’s disease and two dozen other degenerative diseases. Their hypothesis has been supported by recent studies.

Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia among older adults, is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that kills brain cells, gradually destroys memory and eventually affects thinking, behavior and the ability to carry out the daily tasks of life. More than 5.5 million Americans, most of whom are over 65, are thought to have dementia caused by Alzheimer’s.

The UCLA team reports in the journal Nature Communications that the small protein beta amyloid, also known as a peptide, that plays an important role in Alzheimer’s has a normal version that may be less harmful than previously thought and an age-damaged version that is more harmful.

Rebeccah Warmack, who was a UCLA graduate student at the time of the study and is its lead author, discovered that a specific version of age-modified beta amyloid contains a second molecular zipper not previously known to exist. Proteins live in water, but all the water gets pushed out as the fibril is sealed and zipped up. Warmack worked closely with UCLA graduate students David Boyer, Chih-Te Zee and Logan Richards; as well as senior research scientists Michael Sawaya and Duilio Cascio.

What goes wrong with beta amyloid, whose most common forms have 40 or 42 amino acids that are connected like a string of beads on a necklace?

The researchers report that with age, the 23rd amino acid can spontaneously form a kink, similar to one in a garden hose. This kinked form is known as isoAsp23. The normal version does not create the stronger second molecular zipper, but the kinked form does.

“Now we know a second water-free zipper can form, and is extremely difficult to pry apart,” Warmack said. “We don’t know how to break the zipper.”

The normal form of beta amyloid has six water molecules that prevent the formation of a tight zipper, but the kink ejects these water molecules, allowing the zipper to form.

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When one of its amino acids forms a kink, beta amyloid creates a harmful molecular zipper, shown here in green. Rebeccah Warmack/UCLA

“Rebeccah has shown this kink leads to faster growth of the fibrils that have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease,” said Clarke, who has conducted research on biochemistry of the brain and Alzheimer’s disease since 1990. “This second molecular zipper is double trouble. Once it’s zipped, it’s zipped, and once the formation of fibrils starts, it looks like you can’t stop it. The kinked form initiates a dangerous cascade of events that we believe can result in Alzheimer’s disease.”

Why does beta amyloid’s 23rd amino acid sometimes form this dangerous kink?

Clarke thinks the kinks in this amino acid form throughout our lives, but we have a protein repair enzyme that fixes them.

“As we get older, maybe the repair enzyme misses the repair once or twice,” he said. “The repair enzyme might be 99.9% effective, but over 60 years or more, the kinks eventually build up. If not repaired or if degraded in time, the kink can spread to virtually every neuron and can do tremendous damage.”

“The good news is that knowing what the problem is, we can think about ways to solve it,” he added. “This kinked amino acid is where we want to look.”

The research offers clues to pharmaceutical companies, which could develop ways to prevent formation of the kink or get the repair enzyme to work better; or by designing a cap that would prevent fibrils from growing.

Clarke said beta amyloid and a much larger protein tau — with more than 750 amino acids — make a devastating one-two punch that forms fibrils and spreads them to many neurons throughout the brain. All humans have both beta amyloid and tau. Researchers say it appears that beta amyloid produces fibrils that can lead to tau aggregates, which can spread the toxicity to other brain cells. However, exactly how beta amyloid and tau work together to kill neurons is not yet known.

In this study, Warmack produced crystals, both the normal and kinked types, in 15 of beta amyloid’s amino acids. She used a modified type of cryo-electron microscopy to analyze the crystals. Cryo-electron microscopy, whose development won its creators the 2017 Nobel Prize in chemistry, enables scientists to see large biomolecules in extraordinary detail. Professor Tamir Gonen pioneered the modified microscopy, called microcrystal electron diffraction, which enables scientists to study biomolecules of any size.

Eisenberg is UCLA’s Paul D. Boyer Professor of Molecular Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. Other researchers are co-author Gonen, a professor of biological chemistry and physiology at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator; and Jose Rodriguez, assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry who holds the Howard Reiss Career Development Chair.

“This research would have been impossible with technology that existed five years ago because the crystals are so small,” Clarke said. He said regular exercise can help protect the brain. Warmack makes sure she runs a couple of miles each day and has run marathons.

The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the UCLA Longevity Center’s Elizabeth and Thomas Plott Chair in Gerontology, which Clarke held for five years.

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Penny Jennings, UCLA Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, penny@chem.ucla.edu